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The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a vital pollinator and producer of honey, beeswax, and royal jelly. Social insects, honeybees live in colonies with a queen, workers, and drones. They play a key role in pollinating plants, supporting ecosystems, and agriculture, and are crucial for global food production.
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by B cells to identify and neutralize pathogens. There are five main types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD, each with distinct roles. IgG offers long-term immunity, IgA protects mucosal surfaces, IgM initiates responses, IgE triggers allergic reactions, and IgD regulates immunity.
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