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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. Occurring in the cytoplasm (prokaryotes) or nucleus and organelles (eukaryotes), it involves RNA polymerase, ribonucleotides, and complementary base pairing. Key steps include initiation at the promoter, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic genes are typically monocistronic, while prokaryotic genes are polycistronic.
The regulation of the lac operon in E. coli is a classic example of gene control. It involves an operon system where the presence or absence of lactose determines the transcription of genes responsible for lactose metabolism. The operon is activated by lactose and inhibited by glucose, ensuring efficient energy use.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before division. It involves unwinding the double helix, synthesizing new strands using existing ones as templates, and proofreading to ensure accuracy. This essential mechanism ensures genetic information is faithfully passed on to daughter cells.
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